Shaambo waa shay loo isticmaalo nolol maalmeedka dadka si looga saaro wasakhda madaxa iyo timaha isla markaana ay madaxa iyo timaha nadiif u noqdaan.Maaddooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee shaambada waa surfactants (oo loo yaqaan 'surfactants'), dhumucyada, qaboojiyaha, waxyaalaha ilaaliya, iwm.Shaqooyinka surfactants waxaa ka mid ah ma aha oo kaliya nadiifinta, xumbo-samaynta, xakamaynta dabeecadda rheological, iyo khafiifka maqaarka, laakiin sidoo kale ka ciyaarista door muhiim ah qulqulka qulqulka cationic.Sababtoo ah polymer-ka cationic waxaa lagu dhejin karaa timaha, geeddi-socodku wuxuu si dhow ula xiriiraa dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare wuxuu sidoo kale ka caawiyaa dhigista qaybaha kale ee faa'iidada leh (sida emulsion silicone, firfircoonida lidka-cudurka).Beddelidda nidaamka korka ama beddelidda heerarka elektrolytka waxay had iyo jeer keeni doontaa falcelin silsilad ah oo qaboojinta saamaynta polymerka ee shaambada.
1.SLES hawlaha miiska
SLS waxay leedahay saameyn qoyaan wanaagsan, waxay soo saari kartaa xumbo qani ah, waxayna u egtahay inay soo saarto xumbo toosan.Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay leedahay is-dhexgal xooggan oo leh borotiinno waxayna aad u xanaaqaysaa maqaarka, sidaas darteed marar dhif ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare.Walaxda ugu muhiimsan ee hadda jirta ee shaambada waa SLES.Saamaynta adsorption ee SLES ee maqaarka iyo timaha ayaa iska cad inay ka hooseyso ta SLS u dhiganta.Alaabooyinka SLES ee leh heerka sare ee ethoxylation dhab ahaantii ma yeelan doonaan wax saameyn ah.Intaa waxaa dheer, xumbo SLES Waxay leedahay xasillooni wanaagsan iyo iska caabin adag oo biyo adag ah.Maqaarka, gaar ahaan xuubka xabka, ayaa aad uga dulqaad badan SLES marka loo eego SLS.Sodium laureth sulfate iyo ammonium laureth sulfate waa labada SLES surfactants ee aadka loo isticmaalo ee suuqa.Cilmi-baaris ay sameeyeen Long Zhike iyo kuwa kale waxay ogaadeen in laureth sulfate amine ay leedahay viscosity xumbo sare, xasilloonida xumbo wanaagsan, mugga xumbo dhexdhexaad ah, nadiifin wanaagsan, iyo timo jilicsan ka dib marka la dhaqo, laakiin laureth sulfate ammonium salt Ammonia gaaska waxaa lagu kala saari doonaa xaaladaha alkaline, sidaas darteed sodium laureth Sulfate, oo u baahan kala duwanaansho pH ballaaran, ayaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa, laakiin sidoo kale way ka xanaaq badan tahay cusbada ammonium.Tirada unugyada ethoxy ee SLES inta badan waxay u dhaxaysaa 1 iyo 5 unug.Ku darida kooxaha ethoxy waxay yarayn doontaa feejignaanta micele ee muhiimka ah (CMC) ee sulfate surfactants.Hoos u dhaca ugu weyn ee CMC wuxuu dhacaa ka dib marka lagu daro hal koox oo kaliya, halka ka dib marka lagu daro 2 ilaa 4 kooxaha ethoxy, hoos u dhaca ayaa aad u hooseeya.Marka unugyadu kordho, iswaafajinta AES iyo maqaarka ayaa soo hagaagaysa, ku dhawaadna wax cuncun maqaarka ah lagama arko SLES oo ka kooban ilaa 10 unug ethoxy.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo bandhigida kooxaha ethoxy waxay kordhisaa milanka dusha sare, taas oo caqabad ku ah dhismaha viscosity, sidaas darteed dheelitirnaanta ayaa loo baahan yahay in la helo.Shaambo ganacsi oo badan ayaa isticmaala SLES oo ka kooban celcelis ahaan 1 ilaa 3 unug.
Marka la soo koobo, SLES waa mid kharash-ku-ool ah habaynta shaambada.Kaliya maaha inay leedahay xumbo qani ah, iska caabin xoog leh oo biyaha adag ah, way fududahay in la dhumucdo, waxayna leedahay qulqulo cationic ah oo degdeg ah, sidaa darteed wali waa dusha sare ee shaambooyinka hadda jira.
2. Amino acid surfactants
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, sababtoo ah SLES waxay ka kooban tahay dioxane, macaamiishu waxay u jeesteen hababka surfactant fudud, sida hababka surfactant amino acid, hababka surfactant alkyl glycoside, iwm.
Surfactants Amino acid waxaa inta badan loo qaybiyaa acyl glutamate, N-acyl sarcosinate, N-methylacyl taurate, iwm.
2.1 Acyl glutamate
Acyl glutamates waxay u qaybsantaa cusbada monosodium iyo cusbada disodium.Xalka biyaha ee cusbada monosodium waa acidic, iyo xalka aqueous ee cusbada disodium waa alkaline.Nidaamka surfactant acyl glutamate wuxuu leeyahay awood xumbo ku habboon, qoynta iyo guryaha dhaqida, iyo iska caabbinta biyaha adag ee ka fiican ama la mid ah SLES.Aad bay ammaan u tahay, ma keeni doonto cuncun maqaarka oo degdeg ah iyo dareenka, waxayna leedahay sunta sunta ah ee hooseeya., Xanaaqa hal mar ah ee xuubka isha waa mid khafiif ah, iyo xanaaqa maqaarka dhaawacmay (mass 5% xal) waxay ku dhowdahay kan biyaha.Inta badan wakiilka acyl glutamate waa disodium cocoyl glutamate..Disodium cocoyl glutamate waxa laga sameeyaa aashitada qumbaha ee dabiiciga ah ee aad u badbaadsan iyo glutamic acid kadib acyl chloride.Li Qiang iyo al.laga helay "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan Codsiga Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate ee Shaambada Silicone-Free" in lagu daro disodium cocoyl glutamate ee nidaamka SLES waxay hagaajin kartaa awoodda xumbo ee nidaamka waxayna yareyn kartaa calaamadaha SLES-sida.Xanaaqa shambabada.Marka qodobka qasidu uu ahaa 10 jeer, 20 jeer, 30 jeer, iyo 50 jeer, disodium cocoyl glutamate ma saamayn xawaaraha qulqulka iyo xoojinta nidaamka.Marka arrinka milanka uu yahay 70 jeer ama 100 jeer, saamaynta qulqulka ayaa ka sii wanaagsan, laakiin dhumucduna way ka sii adag tahay.Sababta ayaa ah in ay jiraan laba kooxood oo kaarboxyl ah oo ku jira molecule-ka disodium cocoyl glutamate, iyo kooxda madaxa hydrophilic ayaa dhexda u ah isdhexgalka.Meesha weyni waxay keentaa qiyaas baakidh yar oo muhiim ah, oo dusha sare ayaa si fudud isugu ururinaysa qaab wareegsan, taas oo adkaynaysa in ay samaysmaan jiirar u eg dixiri, taas oo adkeynaysa in ay dhumucdo.
2.2 N-acyl sarcosinate
N-acyl sarcosinate waxay leedahay saameyn qoynta ee dhexdhexaad ah ilaa kala duwanaansho daciif ah, waxay leedahay xumbo xoog leh iyo saameyn dejineed, waxayna leedahay dulqaad sare oo loogu talagalay biyaha adag iyo electrolytes.Midka ugu caansan waa sodium lauroyl sarcosinate..Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate waxay leedahay saameyn nadiif ah oo aad u fiican.Waa nooca amino acid-anionic surfactant laga diyaariyey ilaha dabiiciga ah ee lauric acid iyo sodium sarcosinate iyada oo loo marayo falcelin afar-tallaabo ah oo ah phthalization, uumi, acidification iyo samaynta milixda.wakiil.Waxqabadka sodium lauroyl sarcosinate marka la eego waxqabadka xumbo, mugga xumbo-xumada iyo wax-ka-qabashada waxay ku dhowdahay kan sodium laureth sulfate.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamka shaambo ka kooban yahay polymer cationic la mid ah, qalooca flocculation ee labada jira.farqi muuqda.Marxaladda xumbada iyo xoqidda, shaambada nidaamka amino acid waxay leedahay silbasho hoose oo xoqan marka loo eego habka sulfate;Marxaladda qulqulaya, ma aha oo kaliya simbiriirixashada wax yar ka hooseeya, laakiin sidoo kale xawaaraha qulqulka shaambada amino acid wuu ka hooseeyaa kan shaambo sulfate ah.Wang Kuan iyo al.waxaa la ogaaday in nidaamka isku dhafan ee sodium lauroyl sarcosinate iyo nonionic, anionic iyo zwitterionic surfactants.Beddelidda cabbirrada sida qiyaasta surfactant iyo saamiga, waxaa la ogaaday in nidaamyada isku-dhafka ah ee binary, qadar yar oo alkyl glycosides ah ay gaari karaan dhumuc isku-dhafan;halka nidaamyada isku-dhafka ah ee ternary, saamiga ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh viscosity ee nidaamka, oo ay ka mid yihiin Isku-dhafka sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, cocamidopropyl betaine iyo alkyl glycosides waxay gaari karaan saameyn is-buurasho oo wanaagsan.Nidaamyada dulsaarka Amino acid waxay wax ka baran karaan nidaamka dhumucda noocan ah.
2.3 N-Methylacyltaurine
Qalabka jireed iyo kiimikaad ee N-methylacyl taurate waxay la mid yihiin kuwa sodium alkyl sulfate oo leh silsilad isku mid ah.Waxa kale oo ay leedahay sifooyin xumbo-xumo oo wanaagsan oo aanay si fudud u saamayn pH iyo adkaanta biyaha.Waxay leedahay sifooyin xumbo wanaagsan oo ku jira kala duwanaanta acidic daciifka ah, xitaa biyaha adag, sidaas darteed waxay leedahay adeegsi ballaaran marka loo eego alkyl sulfates, wayna ka xanaaqsan tahay maqaarka marka loo eego N-sodium lauroyl glutamate iyo sodium lauryl phosphate.Ku dhow, aad uga hooseeya SLES, waa xanaaq hoose, dusha sare oo khafiif ah.Midka ka sii badan waa sodium methyl cocoyl taurate.Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate waxa ay samaysaa uumi asiidh dufan ah oo dabiici ah iyo sodium methyl taurate.Waa surfactant amino acid guud oo leh xumbo qani ah iyo xasilloonida xumbo wanaagsan.Asal ahaan ma saameeyaan pH iyo biyaha.Saamaynta adkaantaSodium methyl cocoyl taurate waxa ay leedahay saamayn dhumuc isku-dhafan leh oo leh surfactants amphoteric, gaar ahaan nooca betaine-ka amphoteric surfactants.Zheng Xiaomei iyo al.ee "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan Waxqabadka Codsiga ee Afarta Amino Acid Surfactants ee Shaambada" diiradda saaraya sodium cocoyl glutamate, sodium cocoyl alanate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, iyo sodium lauroyl aspartate.Daraasad barbar dhig ah ayaa lagu sameeyay waxqabadka codsiga ee shaambada.Qaadashada sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) tixraac ahaan, waxqabadka xumbada, awoodda nadiifinta, waxqabadka dhumucda iyo waxqabadka qulqulka ayaa laga wada hadlay.Tijaabooyin, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in waxqabadka xumbo ee sodium cocoyl alanine iyo sodium lauroyl sarcosinate uu waxyar ka fiican yahay kan SLES;Awoodda nadiifinta afarta amino acid surfactants ayaa leh farqi yar, dhammaantoodna wax yar bay ka fiican yihiin SLES;dhumucda Waxqabadka guud ahaan wuu ka hooseeyaa SLES.Marka lagu daro dhumuc si loo hagaajiyo viscosity ee nidaamka, viscosity ee nidaamka sodium cocoyl alanine waxaa la kordhin karaa ilaa 1500 Pa·s, halka mawqifka ee saddexda kale ee hababka amino acid uu weli ka hooseeyo 1000 Pa·s.Curyaaminta qulqulka ee afarta amino acid surfactants ayaa ka jilicsan kuwa SLES, taas oo muujinaysa in shaambada amino acid ay si tartiib ah u soo qulqulayso, halka nidaamka sulfate-ka uu si dhakhso ah u soo qulqulayo.Marka la soo koobo, markaad dhumucdo caanaha amino acid shaambada, waxaad ka fikiri kartaa inaad ku darto surfactants nonionic si aad u kordhiso diirada micele ujeedada dhumucda.Waxa kale oo aad ku dari kartaa dhumucyada polymer sida PEG-120 methylglucose dioleate.Intaa waxaa dheer, isku-darka qaboojiyaha cationic habboon si loo hagaajiyo isku-dhafka ayaa weli ah mid adag qaabaynta noocaan ah.
3. Nonionic alkyl glycoside surfactants
Marka lagu daro surfactants amino acids, nonionic alkyl glycoside surfactants (APGs) ayaa soo jiitay dareenka baahsan sanadihii ugu dambeeyay sababtoo ah xanaaqooda hooseeya, saaxiibtinimo deegaanka, iyo la jaanqaadka wanaagsan ee maqaarka.Marka lagu daro surfactants sida alkolada dufanka leh ee polyether sulfates (SLES), APG-yada aan-ionic-ka ahayn waxay yareeyaan diidmada korantada ee kooxaha anionic ee SLES, taas oo samaynaysa miceles waaweyn oo leh qaab ul u eg.Miceles-ka noocan oo kale ah ayaa aad ugu yar inay galaan maqaarka.Tani waxay yaraynaysaa isdhexgalka borotiinka maqaarka iyo xanaaqa ka dhasha.Fu Yanling iyo al.Waxaa la ogaaday in SLES loo isticmaalay sidii anionic surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine iyo sodium lauroamphoacetate ayaa loo isticmaalay surfactants zwitterionic, iyo decyl glucoside iyo cocoyl glucoside ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii surfactants nonionic.Wakiilada firfircoon, tijaabinta ka dib, surfactants anionic waxay leeyihiin sifooyinka xumbo ee ugu fiican, oo ay ku xigto surfactants zwitterionic, iyo APGs waxay leeyihiin sifooyinka xumbo ee ugu xun;shaambooyinka leh surfactants anionic sida dusha sare ee wakiilada firfircoon waxay leeyihiin qulqulo cad, halka zwitterionic surfactants iyo APGs ay leeyihiin sifooyinka xumbo ee ugu xun.Ma dhicin wax qulqulaya;Marka la eego biyo raacida iyo sifaynta timaha qoyan, nidaamka ugu wanaagsan ilaa kuwa ugu xun waa: APGs> anions> zwitterionics, halka timaha engegan, sifada shaambada leh anions iyo zwitterions sida surfactants ugu muhiimsan waa u dhigma., shaambada leh APGs sida dusha sare ee ugu weyn ayaa leh sifooyinka ugu xun;Tijaabada xuubka embriyaha digaaga ee chorioallantoic waxay muujinaysaa in shaambada leh APGs oo ah dusha sare ee ugu weyn ay tahay tan ugu khafiifsan, halka shaambada leh anions iyo zwitterions maadaama kuwa ugu muhiimsan ay yihiin kuwa ugu khafiifsan.aad u badan.APGs waxay leeyihiin CMC hooseeya waxayna yihiin saabuun aad waxtar u leh maqaarka iyo xuubka sebum.Sidaa darteed, APGs waxay u dhaqmaan sida dusha sare ee ugu weyn waxayna u muuqdaan inay timaha ka dhigaan inay dareemaan inay furmeen oo ay engegan yihiin.Inkasta oo ay jilicsan yihiin maqaarka, waxay sidoo kale soo saari karaan lipids waxayna kordhin karaan qallayl maqaarka.Sidaa darteed, marka aad isticmaalayso APG-yada sida dusha sare ee ugu muhiimsan, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad tixgeliso ilaa inta ay ka saarayaan xuubka maqaarka.Nafaqeeyayaal ku habboon ayaa lagu dari karaa caanaha si looga hortago dhogorta.Qalalan, qoraagu wuxuu sidoo kale tixgelinayaa in loo isticmaali karo shaambada xakamaynta saliidda, tixraaca kaliya.
Marka la soo koobo, qaabka ugu muhiimsan ee hadda jira ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee hababka shaambada waxaa weli u badan dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha anionic, kaas oo asal ahaan u qaybsan laba nidaam oo waaweyn.Marka hore, SLES waxaa lagu daraa surfactants zwitterionic ama surfactants non-ionic si loo yareeyo xanaaqiisa.Habkani waxa uu leeyahay xumbo qani ah, waa ay fududahay in dhumucdiisuna, oo uu leeyahay flocculation degdeg ah ee cationic iyo saliidda silikoon iyo qiimo jaban, sidaas darteed weli waa nidaamka surfactant caadiga ah ee suuqa.Marka labaad, milixyada amino acids anionic waxaa lagu daraa surfactants zwitterionic si loo kordhiyo waxqabadka xumbo, taas oo ah meel kulul ee horumarinta suuqa.Noocaan alaabta caanaha ah waa mid khafiif ah oo leh xumbo qani ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah nidaamka milixda amino acid-ka ayaa qulqulaya oo si tartiib ah u qulqulaya, timaha noocaan oo kale ah waa kuwo qallalan..APG-yada aan-ionic ahayn waxay noqdeen jiho cusub oo horumarinta shaambada sababtoo ah la jaanqaadkooda wanaagsan ee maqaarka.Dhibaatada soo saarista caanaha noocaan ah ayaa ah in la helo subagatayaal wax ku ool ah si loo kordhiyo qaninimada xumbodeeda, iyo in lagu daro qoyaan ku haboon si loo yareeyo saameynta APG-yada madaxa.Xaaladaha qalalan.
Waqtiga boostada: Dec-21-2023