Muaj ntau yam tshuaj surfactants uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig vim lawv tsis yooj yim lwj, muaj tshuaj lom, thiab nyiam sib sau ua ke hauv cov ecosystem. Qhov sib txawv, cov tshuaj surfactants uas yooj yim lwj thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov kab ke hauv ecology yog qhov zoo dua rau kev tswj kev ua qias tuaj hauv kev tsim kho ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua cov khoom siv flotation hauv cov txheej txheem kho dej khib nyiab, adsorbing rau ntawm cov khoom colloidal uas tau them kom tshem tawm cov hlau ions lom, lossis siv rau cov chaw kho mob uas muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov organic compounds thiab cov hlau hnyav.
1. Cov Ntawv Thov Hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Kho Dej Khib Nyhiab
Thaum kho cov dej khib nyiab raws li kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, cov hlau hnyav ions feem ntau tiv thaiv lossis lom cov zej zog microbial hauv cov sludge ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, kev kho ua ntej yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg los kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov hlau hnyav ions. Tam sim no, txoj kev hydroxide precipitation feem ntau siv los tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav ions ntawm cov dej khib nyiab, tab sis nws cov txiaj ntsig precipitation raug txwv los ntawm kev yaj ntawm hydroxides, ua rau muaj cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo. Cov txheej txheem flotation, ntawm qhov tod tes, feem ntau raug txwv vim yog kev siv cov khoom sau flotation (piv txwv li, cov tshuaj surfactant synthesized sodium dodecyl sulfate) uas nyuaj rau degrade hauv cov theem kho tom ntej, ua rau muaj kev ua qias tuaj thib ob. Yog li ntawd, muaj qhov xav tau los tsim lwm txoj hauv kev uas yooj yim biodegradable thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau ib puag ncig - thiab cov tshuaj surfactants muaj cov txiaj ntsig no.
2. Cov ntawv thov hauv Bioremediation
Thaum siv cov kab mob me me los ua kom cov organic pollutants puas tsuaj thiab kho cov chaw muaj kuab paug, cov tshuaj surfactants muaj peev xwm tseem ceeb rau kev kho cov chaw muaj kuab paug organic hauv qhov chaw. Qhov no yog vim tias lawv tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha los ntawm cov kua zaub fermentation, tshem tawm cov nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cais surfactant, kev rho tawm, thiab kev ntxuav cov khoom.
2.1 Txhim kho qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm Alkanes
Alkanes yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm roj av. Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav roj av, kev rho tawm, kev thauj mus los, kev ua tiav, thiab kev khaws cia, cov roj av uas tsis zam tsis tau ua rau cov av thiab cov dej hauv av qias neeg. Txhawm rau kom ua kom cov alkane puas tsuaj sai dua, kev ntxiv cov tshuaj surfactants hauv cov tsiaj txhu tuaj yeem txhim kho hydrophilicity thiab biodegradability ntawm cov tshuaj hydrophobic, ua rau cov kab mob ntau ntxiv, thiab yog li ntawd txhim kho qhov nrawm ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm alkanes.
2.2 Txhim Kho Qhov Kev Poob Qis ntawm Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
PAHs tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau ntxiv vim lawv "peb yam cuam tshuam rau kev mob qog noj ntshav" (mob qog noj ntshav, ua rau lub cev tsis zoo, thiab ua rau hloov pauv). Ntau lub tebchaws tau muab lawv faib ua cov pa phem tseem ceeb. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab mob me me yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm PAHs ntawm ib puag ncig, thiab lawv qhov kev puas tsuaj txo qis thaum tus lej ntawm cov nplhaib benzene nce ntxiv: PAHs uas muaj peb lossis tsawg dua cov nplhaib yooj yim puas tsuaj, thaum cov uas muaj plaub lossis ntau dua cov nplhaib nyuaj dua rau kev tawg.
2.3 Tshem Tawm Cov Hlau Hnyav Uas Muaj Tshuaj Lom
Cov txheej txheem ua kom cov hlau hnyav lom hauv av muaj kuab paug yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev zais, kev ruaj khov, thiab kev tsis rov qab ua dua, ua rau kev kho cov av uas muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov hlau hnyav yog qhov kev tshawb fawb ntev hauv kev kawm. Cov txheej txheem tam sim no rau kev tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav ntawm av suav nrog vitrification, immobilization / stabilization, thiab thermal kho. Txawm hais tias vitrification yog qhov ua tau, nws cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm engineering loj thiab cov nqi siab. Cov txheej txheem immobilization yog qhov rov qab ua dua, xav tau kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm kev kho mob tom qab thov. Kev kho cua sov tsuas yog haum rau cov hlau hnyav volatile (piv txwv li, mercury). Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem kho mob pheej yig tau pom kev loj hlob sai. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib siv cov tshuaj surfactants tsis muaj kuab lom rau ecologically los kho cov av uas muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov hlau hnyav.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Cuaj hlis-08-2025