Cov biosurfactants yog dab tsi?

Cov tshuaj biosurfactants yog cov metabolites uas cov kab mob me me tso tawm thaum lawv cov txheej txheem metabolic nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Piv nrog cov tshuaj surfactants synthesized, biosurfactants muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb, xws li kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, biodegradability, kev ua haujlwm dav dav ntawm cov kab mob, thiab kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Vim muaj cov yam ntxwv xws li kev muaj cov khoom siv raw, tus nqi, thiab kev ua haujlwm txwv ntawm cov tshuaj surfactants hluavtaws - ua ke nrog lawv txoj kev nyiam ua rau muaj kuab paug rau ib puag ncig thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom thiab siv - kev tshawb fawb txog biosurfactants tau loj hlob ntau heev hauv ob xyoo dhau los vim tias kev paub txog ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv tau nce ntxiv. Lub teb tau tsim kho sai, nrog ntau daim ntawv pov thawj thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau yam biosurfactants thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Hauv Suav teb, kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev siv cov biosurfactants hauv kev txhim kho roj rov qab thiab bioremediation.

1. Hom Biosurfactants thiab Cov Hom Tsim Khoom

1.1 Hom Biosurfactants

Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj feem ntau raug faib ua pawg raws li lawv cov pawg polar, thaum cov biosurfactants raug faib ua pawg raws li lawv cov khoom biochemical thiab cov kab mob tsim tawm. Lawv feem ntau muab faib ua tsib hom: glycolipids, phospholipids thiab fatty acids, lipopeptides thiab lipoproteins, polymeric surfactants, thiab cov surfactants tshwj xeeb.

1.2 Tsim cov hom Biosurfactants

Feem ntau cov biosurfactants yog cov metabolites ntawm cov kab mob bacteria, yeasts, thiab fungi. Cov kab mob tsim tawm no feem ntau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov pas dej uas muaj roj, av, lossis cov chaw nyob hauv dej hiav txwv.

2. Kev tsim cov Biosurfactants

Tam sim no, biosurfactants tuaj yeem tsim tau los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: microbial fermentation thiab enzymatic synthesis.

Hauv kev ua fermentation, hom thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm biosurfactants nyob ntawm seb hom kab mob me me, nws theem kev loj hlob, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov pa roj carbon substrate, qhov concentration ntawm N, P, thiab cov hlau ions (xws li Mg²⁺ thiab Fe²⁺) hauv cov kab lis kev cai, nrog rau cov xwm txheej cog qoob loo (pH, kub, qhov ceev ntawm kev sib xyaw, thiab lwm yam). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua fermentation suav nrog cov nqi tsim khoom tsawg, ntau yam khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem yooj yim, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom lag luam loj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nqi ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev ntxuav tuaj yeem siab.

Qhov sib piv, cov surfactants uas tau tsim los ntawm enzymatic feem ntau muaj cov qauv molecular yooj yim dua tab sis ua rau pom kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj hauv kev enzymatic suav nrog cov nqi rho tawm qis dua, yooj yim ntawm kev hloov kho cov qauv, kev ntxuav yooj yim, thiab kev siv dua ntawm cov enzymes immobilized. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov surfactants uas tau tsim los ntawm enzymatic tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom muaj nqis ntxiv, xws li cov khoom siv tshuaj. Txawm hais tias cov nqi enzyme tam sim no siab, kev nce qib hauv kev tsim kho caj ces los txhim kho kev ruaj khov thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme yuav tsum txo cov nuj nqis tsim khoom.