Daim ntawv thov ntawm surfactants hauv kev tsim cov roj av

1,Cov tshuaj surfactantssiv raukev rho tawm roj hnyav

Vim yog cov roj hnyav muaj viscosity siab thiab tsis zoo fluidity, nws ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem rau kev siv. Yuav kom rho tawm cov roj hnyav no, cov kua dej ntawm surfactants qee zaum raug txhaj rau hauv lub qhov dej kom hloov cov roj hnyav uas muaj viscosity siab mus rau hauv cov roj emulsions uas muaj viscosity qis, uas tom qab ntawd raug pumped mus rau saum npoo. Cov surfactants siv rau hauv cov roj hnyav emulsification thiab viscosity txo txoj kev no suav nrog sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, thiab lwm yam. Rau cov roj-hauv-dej emulsions tsim tawm, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los cais cov dej, thiab qee cov surfactants kev lag luam kuj siv ua demulsifiers rau dehydration. Cov demulsifiers no yog dej-hauv-roj emulsifiers. Cov uas siv feem ntau yog cationic surfactants, lossis naphthenic acids, asphaltic acids thiab lawv cov ntsev polyvalent hlau. Cov roj hnyav tshwj xeeb tsis tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov twj tso kua mis ib txwm muaj thiab xav tau kev txhaj tshuaj rau hauv cov pa kom rov qab tau thermal. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev rov qab tau thermal, yuav tsum tau siv cov surfactants. Kev txhaj tshuaj ua npuas ncauj rau hauv qhov dej txhaj tshuaj, uas yog, txhaj cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj uas tiv taus kub siab thiab cov pa roj uas tsis sib xyaw, yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem npaj uas siv ntau. Cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj feem ntau yog alkylbenzene sulfonates,α-olefin sulfonates, roj av sulfonates, sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl cawv ethers, thiab sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, thiab lwm yam. Vim tias cov fluorinated surfactants muaj kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm qhov chaw thiab ruaj khov rau cov kua qaub, alkalis, oxygen, cua sov thiab roj, lawv yog cov neeg sawv cev kub siab zoo tagnrho. Yuav kom ua rau cov roj tawg yooj yim hla dhau qhov pore-caj pas ntawm qhov tsim lossis ua kom cov roj ntawm qhov tsim tau yooj yim tshem tawm, surfactants hu ua zaj duab xis diffusing agents yog qhov xav tau, thiab cov uas feem ntau siv yog oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.

2,Cov tshuaj surfactants rau kev rho tawm cov roj av waxy

Thaum rho cov roj av uas muaj roj nplaum, yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis txhob muaj roj nplaum thiab tshem cov roj nplaum ntau zaus. Cov tshuaj surfactants siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv roj nplaum thiab cov tshuaj tshem cov roj nplaum. Cov tshuaj surfactants siv rau kev tiv thaiv roj nplaum suav nrog cov tshuaj surfactants uas yaj tau hauv roj thiab cov tshuaj surfactants uas yaj tau hauv dej. Cov tshuaj surfactants no ua rau cov roj nplaum tsis txhob muaj roj nplaum los ntawm kev hloov cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj roj nplaum. Cov tshuaj surfactants uas yaj tau hauv roj feem ntau yog cov roj av sulfonates thiab cov tshuaj surfactants uas yaj tau hauv dej. Cov tshuaj surfactants uas yaj tau hauv dej ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv cov roj nplaum los ntawm kev hloov cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov chaw uas muaj roj nplaum (xws li cov chaw ntawm cov kav dej roj, cov pas nrig nqus, thiab cov khoom siv). Cov surfactants muaj xws li sodium alkyl sulfonates, quaternary ammonium ntsev, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, thiab lawv cov sodium sulfonate ntsev, thiab lwm yam. Surfactants siv rau kev tshem tawm cov quav ciab kuj poob rau hauv ob pawg: cov roj-soluble siv rau hauv cov roj-based wax removers, thiab cov dej-soluble xws li sulfonate-hom, quaternary ammonium ntsev-hom, polyether-hom, Tween-hom, OP-hom surfactants, nrog rau sulfate-esterified lossis sulfoalkylated Peregal-hom thiab OP-hom surfactants, siv rau hauv cov dej-based wax removers. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ob qho tib si hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb, kev tshem tawm quav ciab thiab kev tiv thaiv tau ua ke organically, thiab cov roj-based wax removers thiab dej-based wax removers kuj tau ua ke organically los tsim cov sib xyaw-hom wax removers. Hom wax remover no siv aromatic hydrocarbons thiab sib xyaw aromatic hydrocarbons ua cov roj theem, thiab emulsifiers nrog cov teebmeem tshem tawm quav ciab ua cov dej theem. Thaum cov emulsifier xaiv yog cov surfactant tsis-ionic nrog lub ntsiab lus huab tsim nyog, nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag lossis tshaj nws lub ntsiab lus huab ntawm qhov kub hauv qab qhov seem tso quav ciab ntawm qhov dej roj, yog li ua rau cov tshuaj tshem tawm quav ciab sib xyaw ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv qhov seem tso quav ciab, sib cais ua ob hom tshuaj tshem tawm quav ciab, uas ua rau cov nyhuv tshem tawm quav ciab tib lub sijhawm.

3,Cov tshuaj surfactants siv rau hauv cov av nplaum ruaj khov

Kev ua kom cov av nplaum ruaj khov muaj ob yam: tiv thaiv kom cov av nplaum tsis txhob o thiab tiv thaiv kom cov av nplaum tsis txhob txav mus los. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom cov av nplaum tsis txhob o, siv cov tshuaj cationic surfactants xws li amine ntsev hom, quaternary ammonium ntsev hom, pyridine ntsev hom, thiab imidazoline ntsev. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom cov av nplaum tsis txhob txav mus los, siv cov tshuaj fluorine uas muaj nonionic-cationic surfactants.

4,Cov tshuaj surfactants siv rau hauv kev ntsuas acidizing

Yuav kom ua kom cov kua qaub ua haujlwm zoo dua, feem ntau yuav tsum ntxiv ntau yam khoom ntxiv rau hauv cov kua qaub. Txhua yam surfactant uas sib xws nrog cov kua qaub thiab yooj yim nqus los ntawm cov qauv tuaj yeem siv ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acidizing. Piv txwv li suav nrog fatty amine hydrochlorides, quaternary ammonium ntsev, thiab pyridinium ntsev ntawm cov cationic surfactants, nrog rau sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, lossis sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers ntawm cov amphoteric surfactants. Qee cov surfactants, xws li dodecyl sulfonic acid thiab nws cov ntsev alkylamine, tuaj yeem emulsify cov kua qaub hauv roj los tsim cov kua qaub-hauv-roj emulsion, uas, thaum siv ua kua ua haujlwm acidizing, kuj ua haujlwm ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qee cov surfactants tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua cov demulsifiers rau acidizing kua. Surfactants nrog cov qauv branched, xws li polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether thiab polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua acidizing demulsifiers.

Qee cov surfactants siv tau ua cov tshuaj ntxiv rau kev ntxuav cov kua qaub uas siv lawm, suav nrog cov ntsev amine, cov ntsev quaternary ammonium, cov ntsev pyridinium, cov ntsev non-ionic, amphoteric, thiab cov tshuaj fluorinated.

Qee cov surfactants ua haujlwm ua cov acidizing sludge inhibitors, xws li cov surfactants uas yaj tau hauv roj xws li alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, thiab quaternary ammonium ntsev. Vim lawv tsis yaj tau cov kua qaub, cov surfactants uas tsis yog ionic tuaj yeem siv los faib lawv rau hauv cov kua qaub.

Yuav kom txhim kho qhov acidizing effect, cov tshuaj hloov pauv wettability yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau hauv cov kua qaub kom thim rov qab qhov ntub ntawm thaj chaw ze-wellbore los ntawm roj-ntub mus rau dej-ntub. Cov khoom sib xyaw xws li polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether thiab phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether raug adsorbed los ntawm cov txheej txheem ua thawj txheej adsorption, yog li ua tiav qhov ntub rov qab.

Ntxiv rau, qee cov surfactants, xws li fatty amine hydrochlorides, quaternary ammonium ntsev, lossis non-ionic-anionic surfactants, yog siv los ua cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej los npaj cov kua ua haujlwm ua npuas dej, uas ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ncua kev ua haujlwm, tiv thaiv kev xeb, thiab acidizing tob formations. Xwb, cov npuas dej no tuaj yeem siv ua pre-pads rau acidizing: tom qab raug txhaj rau hauv qhov tsim, cov kua qaub raug txhaj tom qab. Cov nyhuv Jamin tsim los ntawm cov npuas hauv cov npuas dej tuaj yeem hloov cov kua qaub, yuam nws kom yaj cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg qis-permeability thiab yog li txhim kho cov nyhuv acidizing.

5,Cov tshuaj surfactants siv rau hauv kev ntsuas tawg

Cov kev ntsuas tawg feem ntau siv rau hauv cov chaw roj uas tsis muaj permeability. Lawv suav nrog kev siv lub siab los tawg cov qauv, tsim cov kab nrib pleb, thiab txhawb cov kab nrib pleb nrog cov proppants kom txo cov kua dej tsis kam, yog li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nce kev tsim khoom thiab kev txhaj tshuaj. Qee cov kua tawg yog tsim nrog surfactants ua ib qho ntawm lawv cov khoom xyaw. Cov kua tawg roj-hauv-dej yog npaj los ntawm dej, roj, thiab emulsifiers. Cov emulsifiers siv suav nrog ionic, non-ionic, thiab amphoteric surfactants. Yog tias cov dej tuab siv ua theem sab nraud thiab roj ua theem sab hauv, cov kua tawg roj-hauv-dej tuab (polymer emulsion) tuaj yeem tsim tau. Hom kua tawg no tuaj yeem siv rau qhov kub qis dua 160 ° C thiab tuaj yeem demulsify thiab tso tawm cov kua dej. Cov kua tawg ua npuas ncauj yog cov uas muaj dej ua cov khoom sib kis thiab roj ua theem sib kis, uas cov khoom tseem ceeb yog dej, roj, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj. Alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, quaternary ammonium ntsev, thiab OP-type surfactants siv tau ua cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej. Qhov concentration ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej hauv dej feem ntau yog 0.5–2%, thiab qhov piv ntawm cov roj theem ntim rau cov npuas dej ntim ntau ntawm 0.5 txog 0.9. Cov roj-raws li fracturing kua yog formulated siv roj ua cov kuab tshuaj lossis dispersion medium. Cov roj feem ntau siv hauv daim ntawv thov teb yog cov roj nyoos lossis nws cov feem hnyav. Txhawm rau txhim kho lawv cov viscosity-kub kev ua tau zoo, roj-soluble petroleum sulfonates (nrog molecular hnyav ntawm 300–750) yuav tsum tau ntxiv. Cov roj-raws li fracturing kua kuj suav nrog dej-hauv-roj fracturing kua thiab roj ua npuas dej fracturing kua. Tus thawj siv roj-soluble anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, thiab non-ionic surfactants ua emulsifiers, thaum tus tom kawg siv fluorine-muaj polymeric surfactants ua npuas dej stabilizers. Cov kua dej tawg rau cov qauv uas rhiab dej yog cov emulsions lossis cov ua npuas uas tsim los ntawm kev siv cov cawv sib xyaw (xws li ethylene glycol) thiab roj (xws li kerosene) ua cov khoom sib xyaw, cov pa roj carbon dioxide ua cov theem sib cais, thiab sulfated polyoxyethylene alkyl cawv ethers ua cov emulsifiers lossis cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas, siv rau kev tawg cov qauv uas rhiab dej. Cov kua dej tawg rau kev ua kom tawg ua haujlwm ua ob qho tib si cov kua dej tawg thiab cov kua dej ua kom tawg, siv rau hauv cov qauv carbonate qhov twg ob qho kev ntsuas tau ua tiav tib lub sijhawm. Cov uas cuam tshuam nrog surfactants yog cov kua qaub ua npuas thiab cov kua qaub emulsions; tus thawj siv alkyl sulfonates lossis alkyl benzene sulfonates ua cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas, thiab tus tom kawg siv sulfonate-hom surfactants ua emulsifiers. Ib yam li cov kua acidizing, cov kua dej tawg kuj siv surfactants ua demulsifiers, cov khoom ntxiv rau kev ntxuav, thiab cov neeg sawv cev rov qab ntub, uas yuav tsis tau piav qhia ntxiv ntawm no.

6,Cov tshuaj surfactants siv rau hauv kev tswj cov qauv thiab kev ntsuas dej txhaws

Yuav kom txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tsim dej nyab thiab tiv thaiv qhov nce ntawm cov roj av nyoos, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los kho qhov profile nqus dej hauv cov qhov dej txhaj tshuaj thiab siv cov kev ntsuas dej txhaws hauv cov qhov dej tsim khoom ua cov txheej txheem txhawb nqa. Qee qhov ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj cov profile thiab cov txheej txheem txhaws dej feem ntau siv qee cov surfactants. Tus neeg sawv cev tswj cov profile HPC / SDS gel yog npaj los ntawm kev sib tov hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) thiab sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) hauv dej tshiab. Sodium alkyl sulfonate thiab alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride raug yaj rau hauv dej los npaj ob lub kua ua haujlwm, uas raug txhaj rau hauv cov qauv tsim ua ntu zus. Ob lub kua ua haujlwm sib ntsib hauv cov qauv tsim, tsim cov alkyl sulfite precipitates ntawm alkyl trimethyl amine, uas thaiv cov txheej txheem siab-permeability. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem siv ua cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj. Lawv raug yaj rau hauv dej los npaj cov kua ua haujlwm, uas tom qab ntawd hloov pauv txhaj rau hauv cov qauv tsim nrog cov kua carbon dioxide ua haujlwm kua. Qhov no ua rau muaj ua npuas dej hauv cov txheej txheem (feem ntau yog cov txheej uas muaj permeability siab), ua rau muaj kev thaiv thiab ua tiav qhov kev tswj hwm profile. Ib qho quaternary ammonium ntsev-hom surfactant siv ua tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej, yaj rau hauv silica sol uas tau npaj los ntawm ammonium sulfate thiab dej iav, thiab txhaj rau hauv cov txheej txheem. Tom qab ntawd, cov roj uas tsis sib xyaw (cov roj av lossis chlorine roj) raug txhaj, uas ua ntej tsim cov npuas dej nrog kua ua cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov txheej txheem, thiab tom qab ntawd cov silica sol gels los tsim cov npuas dej nrog cov khoom khov ua cov khoom sib xyaw, yog li thaiv cov txheej txheem permeability siab thiab ua tiav kev tswj hwm profile. Siv cov sulfonate-hom surfactants ua cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej thiab cov tshuaj molecular siab ua cov neeg sawv cev tuab thiab ua npuas dej-stabilizing, ua raws li kev txhaj tshuaj roj lossis cov tshuaj tsim roj, cov npuas dej raws li dej raug tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw lossis hauv cov txheej txheem. Hauv cov txheej roj, ntau ntawm cov surfactant txav mus rau qhov sib txuas roj-dej, ua rau cov npuas dej tawg, yog li nws tsis thaiv cov txheej roj thiab yog tus neeg sawv cev xaiv cov dej zoo plugging. Cov neeg sawv cev cement raws li roj yog cov cement ncua hauv roj. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov cement yog hydrophilic. Thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv txheej tsim dej, dej yuav hloov cov roj ntawm qhov saum npoo ntawm cov cement thiab ua rau cov cement sib xyaw thiab thaiv cov txheej tsim dej. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov fluidity ntawm tus neeg sawv cev no, carboxylate-hom thiab sulfonate-hom surfactants feem ntau raug ntxiv. Cov dej-raws li fluid plugging agent yog cov kua micellar feem ntau yog ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, cawv, thiab lwm yam. Thaum nws ntsib dej ntsev heev hauv qhov tsim, nws tuaj yeem ua viscous kom ua tiav cov dej plugging effect. Cov dej-raws li lossis roj-raws li cationic surfactant kua plugging agents, uas feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm alkyl carboxylate thiab alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, tsuas yog siv rau cov sandstone formations. Cov roj hnyav plugging agent yog cov roj hnyav yaj nrog dej-hauv-roj emulsifiers. Thaum nws ntsib dej hauv qhov tsim, nws tsim cov dej-hauv-roj emulsion viscosity siab kom ua tiav cov dej plugging. Tus neeg sawv cev ntsaws roj-hauv-dej yog npaj los ntawm kev emulsifying cov roj hnyav hauv dej siv cov cationic surfactants ua cov roj-hauv-dej emulsifiers.

7,Cov tshuaj surfactants rau kev ntsuas kev tswj xuab zeb

Ua ntej kev tswj cov xuab zeb, yuav tsum tau txhaj ib qho dej uas muaj cov surfactants ua ntej kom ntxuav cov xuab zeb ua ntej, kom thiaj li txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj cov xuab zeb. Feem ntau ntawm cov surfactants uas siv tam sim no yog anionic surfactants.

8,Cov tshuaj surfactants rau kev ziab roj crude

Hauv theem rov qab roj thawj zaug thiab theem ob, cov dej hauv roj demulsifiers feem ntau yog siv rau cov roj nyoos tsim tawm. Peb tiam ntawm cov khoom tau tsim. Thawj tiam suav nrog carboxylates, sulfates, thiab sulfonates. Tiam thib ob muaj cov surfactants tsis muaj zog molecular xws li OP, Pegosperse, thiab sulfonated castor roj. Tiam thib peb yog cov surfactants tsis muaj zog molecular siab. Hauv theem rov qab roj thib ob lig thiab theem rov qab roj thib peb, cov roj nyoos tsim tawm feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj hauv dej emulsions. Muaj plaub hom demulsifiers siv, xws li tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride thiab didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Cov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog anionic emulsifiers los hloov lawv cov hydrophilic-lipophilic sib npaug, lossis adsorb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov av nplaum dej-ntub kom hloov lawv cov dej noo thiab rhuav tshem cov roj hauv dej emulsion. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, qee cov anionic surfactants uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua cov dej-hauv-roj emulsifiers thiab cov roj-soluble nonionic surfactants kuj tseem siv tau ua demulsifiers rau cov roj-hauv-dej emulsions.

9,Cov tshuaj surfactants rau kev kho dej

Tom qab cov roj av raug cais tawm ntawm cov kua dej uas tsim tawm ntawm lub qhov dej roj, cov dej uas tsim tawm yuav tsum tau kho kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rov txhaj dua. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho dej muaj rau yam: kev tiv thaiv xeb, kev tiv thaiv cov nplai, kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, deoxygenation, tshem tawm roj, thiab tshem tawm cov khoom khov uas raug tshem tawm. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xeb, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nplai, cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj deoxidizers, cov tshuaj tshem tawm roj, cov tshuaj flocculants, thiab lwm yam, raug siv. Cov surfactants kev lag luam uas koom nrog yog raws li nram no:

Cov surfactants kev lag luam siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xeb suav nrog cov ntsev ntawm alkyl sulfonic acids, alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, cov ntsev alkyl amine ncaj, cov ntsev ammonium quaternary, cov ntsev alkyl pyridinium, cov ntsev ntawm imidazolines thiab lawv cov derivatives, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, polyoxyethylene rosin amines, polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, ntau yam ntsev sab hauv quaternary amino, thiab cov ntsev sab hauv ntawm bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls thiab lawv cov derivatives. Cov surfactants siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xeb suav nrog phosphate esters, sulfate esters, acetates, carboxylates, thiab lawv cov polyoxyethylene compounds. Lub thermal stability ntawm sulfonate esters thiab carboxylates zoo dua li ntawm phosphate esters thiab sulfate esters. Cov tshuaj surfactants siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob suav nrog cov ntsev alkyl amine ncaj, cov ntsev ammonium quaternary, cov ntsev alkyl pyridinium, cov ntsev ntawm imidazolines thiab lawv cov derivatives, ntau yam ntsev sab hauv quaternary ammonium, thiab cov ntsev sab hauv ntawm bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls thiab lawv cov derivatives. Cov surfactants siv los ua cov roj tshem tawm feem ntau yog cov uas muaj cov qauv branched thiab muaj sodium dithiocarboxylate pawg.

10,Cov tshuaj surfactants rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg hauv kev rov qab siv roj

Kev rov qab siv roj thawj zaug thiab thib ob tuaj yeem rho tawm 25% - 50% ntawm cov roj av hauv av, nrog rau ntau cov roj av tseem nyob hauv av thiab tsis tuaj yeem rho tawm. Kev rov qab siv roj theem peb tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm rov qab siv roj. Kev rov qab siv roj theem peb feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem dej nyab tshuaj, uas yog, ntxiv qee cov tshuaj rau hauv cov dej txhaj tshuaj kom txhim kho kev ua haujlwm dej nyab. Ntawm cov tshuaj siv, qee qhov yog cov surfactants kev lag luam, thiab lawv cov xwm txheej tau qhia luv luv raws li hauv qab no: Txoj kev dej nyab tshuaj nrog surfactant ua tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb hu ua surfactant flooding. Surfactants feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhim kho kev rov qab siv roj los ntawm kev txo qhov kev sib txhuam ntawm cov roj-dej thiab nce tus lej capillary. Txij li thaum qhov chaw ntawm cov pob zeb sandstone raug them tsis zoo, cov surfactants siv feem ntau yog anionic surfactants, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv yog sulfonate surfactants. Nws yog ua los ntawm sulfonating roj av feem nrog cov ntsiab lus aromatic hydrocarbon siab siv cov neeg sawv cev sulfonating (xws li sulfur trioxide) thiab tom qab ntawd neutralizing nrog alkali. Nws cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb: cov khoom xyaw nquag 50% - 80%, roj av 5% - 30%, dej 2% - 20%, sodium sulfate 1% - 6%. Petroleum sulfonates tiv taus kub siab tab sis tsis tiv taus ntsev thiab cov hlau ions muaj nqis siab. Cov sulfonates tsim tau los ntawm cov hydrocarbons sib xws siv cov txheej txheem tsim sib xws. Ntawm lawv, α-olefin sulfonates tiv taus ntsev thiab cov hlau ions muaj nqis siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov anionic-nonionic surfactants thiab carboxylate surfactants kuj siv tau rau kev ntws roj. Kev ntws surfactant xav tau ob hom additives: ib qho yog cosurfactants, xws li isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, thiab lwm yam; qhov tod tes yog electrolytes, suav nrog cov kua qaub, alkalis, thiab ntsev, feem ntau yog ntsev. Lawv tuaj yeem txo qhov hydrophilicity ntawm surfactants, ua rau lipophilicity ntau ntxiv, thiab tseem ua haujlwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv qhov hydrophilic-lipophilic sib npaug ntawm surfactants. Yuav kom txo qhov poob ntawm surfactants thiab txhim kho kev lag luam zoo, surfactant flooding kuj siv cov tshuaj lom neeg hu ua sacrificial agents. Cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem siv ua sacrificial agents suav nrog cov alkaline substances, polycarboxylic acids thiab lawv cov ntsev, oligomers thiab polymers kuj tuaj yeem siv ua sacrificial agents, thiab lignosulfonates thiab lawv cov khoom hloov kho yog ib hom sacrificial agent. Txoj kev oil flooding uas siv ob lossis ntau tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb rau kev chemical oil flooding hu ua composite flooding. Cov txheej txheem oil flooding no cuam tshuam nrog surfactants suav nrog: surfactant + polymer rau thickened surfactant flooding; alkali + surfactant rau alkali-enhanced surfactant flooding lossis surfactant-enhanced alkali flooding; alkali + surfactant + polymer rau ternary composite flooding. Composite flooding feem ntau muaj roj rov qab ntau dua li ib zaug flooding. Raws li kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov qauv kev txhim kho tam sim no hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, ternary composite flooding muaj qhov zoo dua li binary composite flooding. Cov surfactants siv hauv ternary composite flooding feem ntau yog roj av sulfonates, thiab lawv feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid thiab carboxylate ntawm polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, thiab lwm yam, los txhim kho lawv cov ntsev tsis kam. Tsis ntev los no, ob lub teb chaws hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws tau muab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv biosurfactants, xws li rhamnolipids, sophorolipid fermentation broths, nrog rau cov carboxylates sib xyaw ntuj thiab cov khoom ua los ntawm papermaking alkali lignin, thiab lwm yam, uas tau ua tiav cov roj zoo hauv kev sim hauv thaj teb thiab chaw kuaj mob.