(Cawv rog) - ib qho ntawm cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm surfactants

1. Yog dab tsicawv rog

Cov cawv rog yog cov cawv aliphatic nrog cov saw hlau carbon ntawm 8 txog 22 carbon atoms. Cov cawv rog feem ntau muaj cov lej sib npaug ntawm cov carbon atoms thiab ib pawg hydroxyl txuas rau qhov kawg ntawm cov saw hlau carbon.

Lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau surfactants siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, nrog rau cov mis dav dav ROH. Rau cov cawv hauv qib ntxuav tes, R feem ntau yog pawg hydrocarbon ntawm C12 txog C18. Cov cawv rog carbon siab no muaj cov khoom amphiphilic, txhais tau tias lawv cov molecules muaj ob qho tib si hydrophobic pawg xws li hydrocarbon saw thiab hydrophilic pawg xws li hydroxyl pawg. Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv cov solubility qis heev hauv dej, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ntxiv cov pab pawg hydrophilic lossis hloov cov pab pawg hydroxyl mus rau hauv pawg sulfate. Tsuas yog thaum tus nqi sib npaug hydrophilic-lipophilic mus txog qib xav tau, yog li cov cawv rog derivative tau txais cov pab pawg hydrophilic txaus kom yaj hauv dej thiab tsim cov aggregates (micelles, cov cawv rog derivative ua raws li surfactant. Piv txwv li, dodecanol tsis yaj hauv dej, tab sis thaum nws hloov mus rau hauv sodium dodecyl sulfate, nws cov dej solubility zoo dua vim yog kev qhia txog pawg sulfate (-SO₃⁻), ua rau nws tsim cov micelles hauv dej. Ntawm qee qhov kev sib xyaw, nws ua rau pom kev ua haujlwm zoo heev ntawm qhov chaw. Siv cov khoom no, tib neeg tau tsim ntau yam surfactants nrog kev ua tau zoo heev siv cov cawv rog ua cov khoom siv raw.

2. Cov txheej txheem tsim cov roj cawv

Cov cawv rog tau tsim los ntawm cov noob qes. Cov cawv rog sib xyaw ua ke, tom qab sulfonation thiab neutralization, tsim cov sulfates, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav anionic thaum ntxov. Tom qab ntawd, roj txiv maj phaub, roj xibtes, thiab nqaij nyuj tallow, uas yog cov khoom siv ntau heev, tau tsim thiab siv ua cov khoom siv raw. Cov roj fatty acids tau los ntawm hydrolysis ces raug txo kom ua cawv, hu ua cov cawv rog ntuj. Tom qab kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam petrochemical, cov cawv rog tsim los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv roj av ua cov khoom siv raw tau los ua lub npe hu ua cov cawv rog hluavtaws. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov cawv rog suav nrog kev siv hydrogenation siab, cov txheej txheem Ziegler, thiab cov txheej txheem oxo synthesis. Yog tias lub ntsej muag plaub hau muaj cov cawv rog tsis muaj roj, nws tuaj yeem kho thiab pub cov plaub hau; ntxiv cov cawv rog rau hauv daim di ncauj gloss ua rau cov khoom du thaum lub sijhawm thov.

3. Txoj kev tsim cov cawv rog

3.1Txoj Kev Hydrogenation Siab Siab

Cov cawv rog tau los ntawm kev siv hydrogenation siab siv cov roj tsiaj thiab cov roj zaub ua cov khoom siv raw. Hauv kev lag luam, cov roj nyoos raug kho ua ntej thiab raug alcoholysis (piv txwv li, transesterification) kom hloov nws mus rau hauv cov roj fatty acids ua ntej hydrogenation. Cov cawv rog kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev hydrogenation ncaj qha ntawm cov roj fatty acids lossis hydrogenation tom qab esterification. Kev hydrogenation ncaj qha ntawm cov roj fatty acids los tsim cov cawv rog ua rau muaj kev xav tau cov khoom siv siab rau cov khoom siv.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau hydrogenation ntawm fatty acids rau fatty alcohols:

RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau hydrogenation ntawm fatty acid esters rau fatty alcohols:

RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH

Txoj kev hydrogenation siab muaj xws li cov txheej txheem txaj kho thiab cov txheej txheem txaj dai, tab sis lawv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yooj yim zoo ib yam.

3.2. Txoj Kev Ziegler

Siv ethylene ua cov khoom siv raw los cuam tshuam nrog trialkylaluminum, cov tshuaj txhuas alkoxide raug tsim los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov saw hlau thiab oxidation, thiab tom qab ntawd cov cawv rog tau txais los ntawm hydrolysis, neutralization thiab fractional distillation.

Txoj kev no tau tsim los ntawm K. Ziegler hauv xyoo 1954, thiab thawj zaug siv rau kev lag luam los ntawm Continental Oil Company ntawm Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1962, tsim cov cawv sib npaug ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom no suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:

Kev npaj ntawm triethylaluminum (hydrogenation thiab ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv):

Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H

3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃

Kev npaj ntawm alkyaluminum (kev loj hlob ntawm cov saw hlau):

Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al

Kev npaj ntawm txhuas alkoxide (oxidation reaction):

R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃

Kev npaj cov cawv rog (kev ua hydrolysis):

Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH

or

Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH

3.3. Txoj Kev Siv Oxo Synthesis

Olefins, carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen raug tsim ua aldehydes nyob rau hauv catalyst thiab pressurized mob. Lub aldehyde muaj ib tug ntau carbon atom dua li raw olefin. Cov roj alcohols yog tau los ntawm hydrogenation ntawm cov aldehydes.

Qhov kev tshuaj tiv thaiv olefin hydroformylation (OXO reaction) no tau tshawb pom los ntawm tus kws tshuaj German O. Roelen hauv xyoo 1938.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv OXO yog raws li nram no:

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydroformylation

4. Cov Ntawv Thov thiab Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Cawv Rog

Cov cawv rog zoo ntuj tsim ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo xws li cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, cov tshuaj surfactants thiab cov yas plasticizers. Muaj ntau txhiab yam khoom siv tshuaj zoo tsim los ntawm lawv, uas siv dav hauv kev lag luam suav nrog kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, roj av, metallurgy, textiles, machinery, mining, kev tsim kho, plastics, roj hmab, tawv, papermaking, kev thauj mus los, khoom noj, tshuaj thiab kev noj qab haus huv, kev lag luam tshuaj txhua hnub thiab kev ua liaj ua teb.

Cov cawv rog siv tau los tsim ntau yam khoom siv. Cov surfactants uas muaj cawv yog pawg uas loj hlob sai tshaj plaws ntawm txhua hom surfactants txij li xyoo 1980. Ua cov khoom xyaw ntxuav tes, lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev xws li kev ntxuav tes muaj zog, sib haum zoo, ua npuas tsawg, yooj yim lwj, tiv taus dej tawv thiab ntxuav tau zoo hauv dej kub qis. Lawv maj mam hloov cov linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) thiab dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid los ua cov khoom siv ntxuav tes tiam peb. Cov khoom sawv cev tshaj plaws ntawm no suav nrog AEO3 txog AEO9 uas tsim los ntawm cov cawv rog thiab ethylene oxide, uas tuaj yeem ntxiv sulfonated los tsim AES. Cov surfactants uas muaj cawv no muaj ntau yam kev siv thiab kev thov loj hauv kev ua lag luam, muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev txhim kho kev ua neej zoo, thiab muaj kev ua lag luam dav dav thiab muaj peev xwm. Yog li ntawd, lawv muab qhov chaw loj rau kev tsim cov cawv rog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov cawv rog ntuj.

Cov khoom siv ntxiv rau yas yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam yas, thiab kev lag luam ntxiv tsim kho nrog rau kev lag luam yas. Kev loj hlob sai ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam yas yog qhov paub zoo. Xyoo 1985, kev siv thoob ntiaj teb ntawm ntau yam khoom siv ntxiv rau yas tau txog 13 lab tons, thiab cov khoom siv yas yog cov khoom siv ntxiv rau yas uas siv dav tshaj plaws. Tam sim no, lub peev xwm tsim khoom txawv teb chaws ntawm cov khoom siv yas tau tshaj 4.5 lab tons, thaum Tuam Tshoj lub peev xwm tau tshaj 500,000 tons. Ntawm cov khoom siv yas, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) thiab dioctyl phthalate (DOP) suav rau feem ntau ntawm cov zis. Dhau li ntawm phthalic anhydride, butanol thiab octanol kuj yog cov khoom siv raw tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov khoom tsim tawm. Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj siv ntau dua 300,000 tons ntawm butanol thiab octanol txhua xyoo los tsim ob lub khoom siv yas no. Txawm li cas los xij, butanol thiab octanol muaj cov saw hlau carbon luv luv, thiab cov yas tsim los ntawm lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam ua yas hauv kev tiv taus cua sov, tiv taus huab cua thiab rwb thaiv hluav taws xob. Tam sim no, cov cawv roj ntev xws li C10, C12, C14, C16 thiab C18 cawv tab tom raug sim los hloov butanol thiab octanol, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom yas nrog kev tiv taus cua sov zoo heev, tiv taus huab cua thiab rwb thaiv hluav taws xob, yog li nthuav dav cov ntawv thov ntawm cov yas. Yog li ntawd, kev cia siab ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov cawv roj ntev hauv kev lag luam yas yas yog qhov zoo heev.

Cov cawv rog ntuj muaj ntau qhov zoo dua li cov cawv tsim hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg txhua hnub. Txawm hais tias lawv cov ntsuas lub cev thiab tshuaj zoo ib yam, cov neeg siv khoom tseem nyiam cov cawv ntuj, uas tau dhau los ua qhov sib txawv "ntsuab". Yog li ntawd, cov cawv rog ntuj yog cov khoom siv raw zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce rau kev tsim cov khoom xws li xab npum ua kua thiab tshuaj pleev, tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce emulsions.