Kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab ntsuab

Cov tshuaj surfactantsua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau tib neeg lub cev thiab cov ecosystem ib puag ncig thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom thiab siv. Ntxiv qee qhov surfactant-Cov tshuaj yaj uas ua rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv cov solubility thiab kev ntxuav tes. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj yaj no muaj tshuaj lom rau qee qhov thiab yuav ua rau khaus tawv nqaij. Kev siv ntau dhau ntawm surfactants kuj tseem coj kev pheej hmoo rau ecosystems. Piv txwv li, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) muaj kev puas tsuaj tsis zoo. Nws daim ntawv thov hnyav hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tsim cov npuas loj, ua rau muaj npuas ntau dhau hauv cov dej phwj hauv nroog thiab cov dej ntws. Surfactants uas muaj phosphates ua rau eutrophication hauv cov dej thiab pas dej thaum siv. Sulfur dioxide thiab sulfur trioxide tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), nrog rau dioxin-zoo li cov tshuaj hauv cawv ethoxylate sulfate (AES)-cov khoom lag luam zoo li no, tiv taus kev puas tsuaj ntawm biodegradation thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau ib puag ncig.

Mus ntsib cov neeg'kev noj qab haus huv loj hlob-kev saib xyuas xav tau thiab lav qhov kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg ib puag ncig, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los tsim cov surfactants uas tsis yog-lom thiab tsis ua rau tib neeg muaj mob li sai tau thiab tsis ua rau muaj kuab paug rau ib puag ncig ecological.

Kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab ntsuab

Cov surfactants ntsuab yog hais txog cov surfactants uas ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj lossis cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, nrog rau kev khaus tsawg ntawm tib neeg thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub cev. Raws li seb lawv puas sib cais hauv dej, cov surfactants ntsuab tuaj yeem faib ua cov uas tsis yog-Cov tshuaj ionic ntsuab surfactants thiab cov tshuaj ionic ntsuab surfactants. Cov tshuaj ionic ntsuab surfactants kuj raug muab faib ua cationic, anionic thiab amphoteric.-cov hom ionic raws li lawv cov khoom xyaw nquag tom qab yaj.

Cov surfactants ntsuab yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj lossis cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, thiab yog li ntawd muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev xws li keeb kwm ntuj, mos mos thiab tsis khaus. Ib yam li cov surfactants ib txwm muaj, cov surfactants ntsuab muaj cov pab pawg hydrophilic thiab cov pab pawg hydrophobic. Piv nrog cov surfactants ib txwm muaj, cov surfactants ntsuab muab cov khoom zoo-Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ntxuav zoo, kev sib raug zoo zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo rau ib puag ncig, thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm emulsifying, ntxuav, solubilizing, wetting, dissolving thiab stabilizing.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, txhua hom tshuaj ntsuab surfactant muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li,α-sulfo fatty acid ester ntsev (MEC) qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj zog thiab qhov nyuaj-tsis kam dej; monoalkyl phosphate muaj kev ua npuas dej thiab emulsifying zoo heev, antistatic khoom thiab tshwj xeeb daim tawv nqaij affinity. Cov surfactants ntsuab feem ntau suav nrogα-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (MEC), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), glucose amide (APA), alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC), monoalkyl phosphate (MAP), thiab alkyl glucose amide (MECA).

Cov Khoom, Cov Ntawv Thov thiab Cov Xwm Txheej Tam Sim No ntawm Ntau Hom Tshuaj Ntsuab Surfactants

Cov surfactants ntsuab yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm keeb kwm ntuj, mos mos thiab tsis khaus. Zoo ib yam li cov surfactants ib txwm muaj, lawv muaj cov pab pawg hydrophilic thiab cov pab pawg hydrophobic. Piv nrog cov surfactants ib txwm muaj, cov surfactants ntsuab muaj cov yam ntxwv siab-kev ntxuav zoo, kev sib raug zoo heev thiab kev sib raug zoo rau ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm emulsifying, ntxuav, solubilizing, wetting, dissolving thiab stabilizing.

●Alkyl Polyglucosides(APG)

Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) yog ib qho tshiab-tiam neeg eco-tus phooj ywg ntsuab surfactant. Nws yog ib qho tsis yog-ionic surfactant synthesized los ntawm reacting glucose los ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntuj lossis rov ua dua tshiab xws li hmoov txhuv nplej siab nrog cov cawv rog. Raws li ib qho tshiab tsis yog-ionic surfactant, APG muaj peev xwm ua npuas zoo heev, tsis ua rau khaus rau tib neeg lub cev thiab yooj yim lwj. Nws muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj kev sib txhuam ntawm qhov chaw, ntxuav tau zoo, ua npuas nplua nuj thiab zoo, sib xws zoo, thiab pom tseeb synergistic teebmeem nrog txhua hom surfactants. Nws kuj muaj dav-Cov tshuaj tua kab mob spectrum, yooj yim rau dilute, tsis qhia txog cov huab lossis gelation, thiab yooj yim siv nrog cov alkali muaj zog.-kev tsis kam thiab ntsev-kev kam rau siab.

Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim APG yog qhov ncauj-qib qabzib thiab cov cawv rog. Vim nws tsis yog-lom thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom-APG muaj cov yam ntxwv ua rau khaus, ua haujlwm hloov cov surfactants ib txwm muaj thiab muaj kev siv dav dav. Nws tau txais kev pom zoo dav dav hauv kev lag luam suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, khoom noj, tshuaj, hluav taws-kev sib ntaus sib tua, textiles, luam ntawv thiab zas xim, thiab roj av.

●Cawv Ether Sulfate (AES)

Cawv ether sulfate (AES) yog tau los ntawm sulfating fatty alcohol ethoxylates, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov rog ntau dua thiab ethylene oxide. Raws li ib chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm anionic surfactants, AES muaj cov khoom tawv zoo heev-kev tiv thaiv dej, kev ua npuas dej thiab qis-cov khoom kub. Nws biodegradable sai, ua rau me ntsis khaus tawv nqaij, thiab qhia tau tias zoo sib xws nrog cov enzymes. Nws cov kua yog pob tshab thiab ruaj khov, thiab nws cov viscosity tuaj yeem hloov kho tau yooj yim los ntawm electrolytes. Yog li ntawd, AES yog siv dav hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, qis-phosphorus thiab phosphorus-cov tshuaj ntxuav dawb, thiab cov khoom siv tu tus kheej. Nws tseem yog cov tshuaj surfactant ntsuab anionic tseem ceeb hauv Suav teb. Cov khoom tshiab no-Cov khoom lag luam suav nrog Guerbet cawv sulfate (GAS), Guerbet cawv phosphate (GAP), Guerbet cawv ethoxylate sulfate (GAES) thiab Guerbet cawv ethoxylate phosphate (GAEP).

●Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)

MESH yog ib qho tshiab-tiam ntsuab surfactant. Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho siv sijhawm ib nrab xyoo pua. Tau ntau xyoo, yuav luag txhua yam zoo-Cov tuam txhab ntxuav khaub ncaws paub zoo tau mob siab rau MES thiab lees paub nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj thiab rov ua dua tshiab, MES yog ib qho eco-Cov khoom ntsuab zoo nrog kev puas tsuaj zoo rau lub cev. MES tsis hnyav heev, thiab nws qhov khaus thiab lom rau tib neeg qis dua li cov linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), piv rau AS thiab AES. Nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom hauv qhov ncauj thiab tsis muaj kev phom sij.-muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj txhu hauv dej. Nws ntxuav tau zoo hauv dej txias thiab dej tawv, thiab nws cov tshuaj ntxuav tau zoo dua li LAS thiab AS, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua hauv dej tawv.—qhov tsis muaj zog loj ntawm LAS. Nws muaj phosphorus zoo dua-cov khoom pub dawb dua li LAS. LAS raug kev poob qis hauv kev ntxuav hauv qhov tsis muaj alkali thiab sodium tripolyphosphate, thaum MES muaj kev poob qis me ntsis. Yog li ntawd MES yog qhov tsim nyog tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov phosphorus.-pub dawb / qis-phosphorus eco-cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo. Txawm hais tias muaj tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig no, nws cov zis txhua xyoo tau nyob ib puag ncig 20 000 tons. Nws txoj kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam feem ntau raug txwv los ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov teeb meem tsim qauv: xim tob, yooj yim hydrolysis rau hauv qhov tsis zoo-cov tshuaj ntxuav disodium ntsev thaum lub sijhawm ua kom dawb, tsis ruaj khov thermal nyob rau hauv alkaline aqueous conditions, thiab teeb meem formulation.

●Cov tshuaj Gemini Surfactants uas lwj tau

Gemini surfactants muaj cov qauv molecular tshwj xeeb. Cov monomeric surfactant molecules feem ntau muaj ib txoj saw hydrophobic thiab ib pawg hydrophilic. Los ntawm qhov sib piv, Gemini surfactant molecules feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ob (lossis peb) cov saw hydrophobic, ob pawg hydrophilic thiab ib pawg spacer ze ntawm cov hydrophilic moieties. Pawg spacer tuaj yeem yog hydrophilic lossis hydrophobic. Piv nrog monomeric surfactants, Gemini surfactants muaj ntau yam khoom zoo heev: kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm qhov chaw, qis Krafft point thiab dej solubility zoo, ua haujlwm zoo dua hauv kev txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw ntawm dej, muaj zog dua synergistic teebmeem thaum sib xyaw nrog monomeric surfactants, txiv qaub zoo-muaj peev xwm faib xab npum, muaj peev xwm txo cov roj-Kev sib txhuam ntawm cov dej thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, ua kom cov roj yaj tau zoo dua, thiab ua rau daim tawv nqaij khaus tsawg dua. Gemini surfactants sawv cev rau cov khoom tshiab zoo heev-hom khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nqi tsim khoom siab txwv kev lag luam, thiab tsuas yog ob yam khoom lag luam Gemini muaj txog tam sim no.

●Polyepoxysuccinic Acid (PESA), Polyaspartic Acid (PASP)

Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) yog ib qho phosphorus-dawb thiab nitrogen-Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xeb thiab nplai dawb uas tsis muaj kuab lom uas tau tsim los ntawm Betz Laboratories hauv Tebchaws Meskas thaum ntxov xyoo 1990. PESA qhia txog qhov ntsuas zoo heev-inhibiting kev ua tau zoo; lub caij no, nws yog phosphorus-dawb, nitrogen-dawb thiab yooj yim lwj. Nws siv rau qhov siab-alkalinity thiab siab-tag nrho-yaj-cov tshuab dej khov, thiab siv tau rau kev kho dej boiler, kev kho dej txias, kev kho dej phwj tuaj, kev tshem dej hiav txwv, kev sib cais daim nyias nyias thiab lwm yam xwm txheej.

Nws qhov nplai-inhibiting thiab corrosion-kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv zoo dua li cov sodium polyacrylate, polymaleic acid thiab tartaric acid. Muaj cov txheej txheem tsim khoom huv si, PESA tuaj yeem raug rhuav tshem tau zoo thiab ruaj khov los ntawm cov kab mob me me lossis cov kab mob fungi mus rau qhov kawg tsis muaj kev phom sij rau ib puag ncig.-cov khoom tom qab siv, yog li nws suav hais tias yog ib qho"ib puag ncig-tus phooj ywg"tshuaj ntsuab. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho rau cov neeg sawv cev kho dej hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, thiab kev txhim kho txawv teb chaws hauv daim teb no tau nce qib sai heev hauv xyoo tas los no.

Polyaspartic acid yog polymerized los ntawm aspartic acid lossis maleic acid nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm catalyst. Nws yog dav siv rau hauv kev kho dej rau dej txias, boiler dej, desalination, desugarization rov qab, rov qab osmosis thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv roj av-Cov chaw khawb av zoo hauv kev tsim roj av, nws ua haujlwm ua tus inhibitor rau calcium carbonate, barium sulfate thiab calcium sulfate precipitation. Cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws tau kawm txog kev tsim, cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm polyaspartic acid thiab paub txog nws daim ntawv thov kev lag luam. Kev tshawb fawb dav dav kuj tau ua tiav hauv Suav teb. Nrog rau kev puas tsuaj zoo heev thiab qhov ntsuas zoo.-kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, polyaspartic-kua qaub-cov tshuaj kho dej raws li suav tias yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntsuab tiag tiag.