Muaj ntau hom surfactants. Raws li cov zis tawm, anionic surfactants suav txog 56%, nonionic surfactants 36%, amphoteric surfactants 5%, thiab cationic surfactants 3%.
2. Cov tshuaj Anionic Surfactants
2.1 Cov tshuaj Surfactants Anionic hom Sulfonate
Cov hom surfactants uas siv ntau suav nrog sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate thiab sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, tseem hu ua LAS lossis ABS, yog cov khoom dawb lossis daj ntseg uas zoo li hmoov lossis flaky uas yaj tau hauv dej. Nws tsis yaj tau hauv dej thaum kub qis nrog qhov yaj tau hauv qab 3 hauv dej thaum kub hauv chav tsev, tab sis nws yaj tau zoo heev hauv cov tshuaj surfactant. Nws ruaj khov zoo tiv thaiv alkalis, dilute acids thiab dej tawv, nrog qhov kub yaj ntawm 240 ℃. Nws qhov ntsuas kev khaus ntawm 10% kua yog 5.0, qhov nrawm ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab mob yog li ntawm 80% txog 90%, thiab tus nqi LD50 yog 1300 txog 2500 mg / kg.
Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate raug luv ua AOS. Thaum cov tshuaj nquag muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm 38% thiab 40%, nws zoo li cov kua daj pob tshab thiab yaj tau zoo hauv dej. Nws tswj tau qhov ruaj khov thoob plaws ntau yam pH; tom qab khaws cia rau peb hnub ntawm 30 ℃ hauv qab pH tus nqi ntawm 2, 4 thiab 10, nws tus nqi hydrolysis tseem xoom hauv txhua kis. Nws ua rau khaus tawv nqaij me ntsis, ua tiav 100% microbial degradation tus nqi, thiab muaj tus nqi LD50 ntawm 1300 txog 2400 mg / kg.
Feem ntau, LAS tsis tshua siv rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav lub cev, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav. Hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, LAS tuaj yeem suav txog li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov surfactants, thaum nws qhov sib piv hauv cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws tuaj yeem hloov kho tau ntau yam.
LAS tau txais kev yaj dej zoo feem ntau ntawm qhov kub siab xws li 60 ℃ thiab thaum sib xyaw nrog qee yam surfactants. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ternary "LAS-AES-FFA" feem ntau siv rau hauv cov kua ntxuav tais diav, thiab lub tshuab sib xyaw ua ke "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" feem ntau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias kev sib xyaw ncaj qha ntawm LAS nrog nonionic surfactant alkylol amide feem ntau tsis ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo; lub kaw lus "LAS-FFA" tsis ruaj khov nrog viscosity qis thiab nthuav tawm cov tsos dawb mis nyuj.
LAS yog thawj tus tsim tawm nrog rau qhov ntim khoom txhua xyoo ntawm 290 kilotons thiab yog cov tshuaj surfactant pheej yig tshaj plaws. Nws muaj tus nqi qis tshaj plaws ntawm tsib qhov khoom siv surfactants siab tshaj plaws, thiab nws tus nqi sib piv rau cov xab npum (fatty acid xab npum) ntawm cov tshuaj anionic surfactants ib txwm muaj. LAS yog qhov sib txawv los ntawm kev ruaj khov zoo heev, muaj zog ntxuav tau zoo thiab tus nqi qis, thaum nws qhov tsis zoo yog qhov khaus heev.
Ntawm txhua yam sulfonate surfactants, AOS muab qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tau txais thiab txhim kho ntxiv qhov zoo ntawm cov sulfonates ib txwm thaum zam lawv cov teeb meem. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov surfactants tseem ceeb, AOS yog siv dav hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav lub cev, thiab nws daim ntawv thov hauv lwm cov tshuaj ntxuav kua yuav maj mam nthuav dav nrog rau kev tsim khoom hauv zos thiab kev txo nqi tom qab.
AOS muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws suav nrog kev ruaj khov zoo, kev yaj dej zoo heev, kev sib raug zoo, kev khaus tsawg thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab mob me me. Nws qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog tias nws kim dua ntawm txhua yam anionic surfactants.
2.2 Cov Tshuaj Anionic Surfactant Sulfates
Cov hom surfactants uas siv ntau suav nrog sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate thiab sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, tseem hu ua AES lossis cawv ether sulfate, yooj yim yaj hauv dej. Thaum cov tshuaj nquag muaj txog 70%, nws zoo li cov kua daj daj daj, thiab nws qhov ruaj khov qis dua li cov sulfonates feem ntau. Nws dhau los ua hydrolysis sai thaum tus nqi pH qis dua 4, tab sis muaj kev ruaj khov hydrolysis zoo heev hauv cov chaw alkaline. Tom qab khaws cia rau peb hnub ntawm 30 ° C hauv pH 2, pH 4 thiab pH 10, nws cov nqi hydrolysis yog 100%, 50% thiab 0 feem. Nws muaj qhov tsis khaus nrog tus lej khaus ntawm 2.3 rau nws cov kua dej 10%, tus nqi biodegradation ntawm ntau dua 90%, thiab tus nqi LD50 ntawm 1800 mg / kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, hu ua AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate lossis tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj, yog soluble hauv dej nrog dej solubility ntawm kwv yees li 15 ntawm 25 ° C, uas qis dua li ntawm AES. Nws tsis muaj zog rau alkalis thiab dej tawv, tab sis nws qhov kev ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej acidic yog qaug zog dua li cov sulfonates feem ntau thiab ze rau ntawm AES. Qhov kub thiab txias ntev ntev yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 95 ° C. Nws muaj kev khaus nruab nrab ntawm cov surfactants; nws cov kua 10% muaj qhov ntsuas khaus ntawm 3.3, siab dua AES thiab qis dua LAS, nrog LD50 tus nqi ntawm 1300 mg / kg.
AES siv dav hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau, tshuaj ntxuav lub cev, tshuaj ntxuav tais diav thiab tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws. Hauv kev siv tiag tiag, tus nqi pH yuav tsum tau tsa kom nruab nrab lossis tsis muaj zog alkaline ntau li ntau tau yog tias cov qauv zoo pH tso cai. Thaum AES yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej pH qis xws li hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau, nws cov ntsev ethanolamine feem ntau raug saws. AES muaj cov dej solubility zoo dua li AS thiab tuaj yeem tsim ua cov kua dej pob tshab hauv txhua qhov sib piv ntawm chav tsev kub. Piv nrog LAS, AES nyiam daim ntawv thov dav dua hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua thiab kev sib raug zoo dua, muaj peev xwm sib xyaw nrog ntau cov surfactants hauv binary lossis ntau qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke los tsim cov kua dej pob tshab. Ntawm cov surfactants hluavtaws, AES qeb thib peb hauv cov zis nrog tus nqi qis dua AS; tus nqi ntawm 70% AES yog 8500 yuan ib tuj hauv xyoo 2002. Nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo suav nrog kev khaus tsawg, dej solubility zoo, kev sib raug zoo zoo heev thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev tiv thaiv cov tawv nqaij qhuav thiab ntxhib. Nws qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis ruaj khov hauv cov kua qaub, uas yuav tsum tau khaws tus nqi pH kom siab tshaj 4, thiab nws cov tshuaj ntxuav tsis muaj zog dua li LAS thiab AS.
Thaum siv AS hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, yuav tsum tswj qhov pH ib puag ncig kom tsis txhob muaj kua qaub ntau dhau. Nws cov ntsev ethanolamine lossis cov ntsev ammonium yog qhov tsim nyog rau nws daim ntawv thov hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab ntxuav lub cev. Kev siv nws cov ntsev ethanolamine tsis tsuas yog ua rau cov kua qaub tsis kam ruaj khov tab sis kuj txo qhov khaus, thiab qhov ntsuas khaus ntawm nws cov kua ntsev 10% triethanolamine yog 3.0. AS tsis tshua siv hauv cov kua ntxuav tais diav thiab tsis tshua ua haujlwm ua cov tshuaj surfactant tseem ceeb nrog cov koob tshuaj tsawg hauv cov mis, feem ntau vim tias nws tsis zoo rau kev txiav cov nqi khoom thiab cov khoom zoo li no tsis tshua muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau kev ua npuas ncauj. Qeb thib tsib hauv cov zis ntawm cov tshuaj surfactants hluavtaws, AS muaj nqi siab heev, thiab nws cov hmoov tau raug nqi ntawm 15000 yuan ib tuj hauv xyoo 2002. Sib nrug los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ua npuas ncauj zoo heev thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj zog, AS qis dua AES hauv feem ntau cov kev ua haujlwm pabcuam, xws li kev ruaj khov tsis kam acid tsis zoo me ntsis thiab kev khaus siab dua (tsuas yog qis dua LAS), thiab nws kuj muaj tus nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj anionic surfactants ib txwm muaj.
3.Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic
Cov hom surfactants uas tsis yog ionic tseem ceeb suav nrog alkylolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), thiab alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE lossis OP). Cov surfactants uas tsis yog ionic muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev xws li kev yaj, kev ntxuav, kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, kev khaus tsawg thiab muaj peev xwm tawg tau xab npum. Lawv muaj ntau yam pH ntau dua li cov ionic surfactants ib txwm muaj, thiab zoo dua li cov anionic surfactants ib txwm muaj hauv feem ntau cov yam ntxwv tshwj tsis yog kev ntxuav thiab kev ua npuas dej. Kev sim ua pov thawj tias kev ntxiv me ntsis ntawm cov surfactants uas tsis yog ionic rau hauv cov kab ke ionic surfactant tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw thaum piv rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nquag.
Alkylolamides yog cov tshuaj surfactants uas muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, siv dav thiab siv ntau zaus, uas feem ntau siv rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj ntxuav tes. Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm alkylolamides siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yog 2: 1 amide thiab 1.5: 1 amide, thiab 1: 1 amide kuj muaj rau kev siv. Peb qhov lus qhia no sib txawv heev hauv kev yaj dej thiab cov khoom tuab. Feem ntau hais lus, 1.5: 1 amide muaj kev ua tau zoo nruab nrab thiab siv dav hauv cov kua ntxuav tais diav. Feem ntau, 1: 1 amide tuaj yeem yaj tau yooj yim tsuas yog thaum sib xyaw nrog lwm cov surfactants uas yaj tau hauv dej. Alkylolamides zoo dua rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tes alkaline thiab kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas tsis muaj zog.
Ntawm txhua yam tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic, alkylolamides yog cov tshuaj uas pheej yig tshaj plaws, nrog tus nqi ntawm 7,800 yuan ib tuj hauv xyoo 2002. Lawv siv ntau dua hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua dua li cov roj cawv polyoxyethylene ethers, thiab kuj yog cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic tseem ceeb uas siv rau hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog raws li nram no: FFA muaj cov haujlwm ntau dua thiab zoo dua li AE; FFA pheej yig dua hauv tus nqi; FFA muaj cov khoom zoo dua solubility; thiab FFA muaj kev ua npuas dej zoo dua piv rau AE.
4. Cov tshuaj amphoteric surfactants
Amphoteric surfactants yog cov surfactants uas muaj ob qho tib si anionic thiab cationic hydrophilic pawg. Yog li ntawd, lawv qhia txog cov khoom cationic hauv cov kua qaub, cov khoom anionic hauv cov kua alkaline, thiab cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov surfactants uas tsis yog ionic hauv cov kua nruab nrab.
Cov tshuaj amphoteric surfactants yooj yim yaj rau hauv dej, cov kua qaub thiab alkali uas muaj concentrated, thiab txawm tias cov kua ntsev inorganic uas muaj concentrated. Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev uas tiv taus dej tawv, tsis ua rau khaus tawv nqaij, ua rau cov ntaub mos muag, tiv thaiv hluav taws xob zoo heev thiab muaj cov nyhuv tua kab mob zoo, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau hom surfactants.
Cov khoom zoo li no siv tau rau hauv ntau yam pH. Vim lawv cov xeev ionic nyob rau hauv ntau yam acid-base ib puag ncig, lawv ua tau zoo dua nyob rau hauv acidic thiab neutral mob dua li nyob rau hauv alkaline mob. Feem ntau hais lus, amphoteric surfactants kim dua li non-ionic surfactants.
Cov hom amphoteric surfactants tseem ceeb suav nrog dodecyldimethylbetaine thiab carboxylate-type imidazoline. Piv nrog rau anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants muaj cov yam ntxwv ntau dua nrog tsawg dua qhov tsis zoo, tsuas yog qis dua hauv kev ntxuav thiab muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej. Thaum piv nrog non-ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants zoo dua hauv qee yam khoom thiab sib piv rau lwm tus.
Cov tshuaj amphoteric surfactants muaj zog ua npuas ntau dua li cov tshuaj non-ionic surfactants ib txwm muaj (thaum AE surfactants muaj peev xwm ua npuas tsis zoo), muaj zog tua kab mob zoo dua li cov tshuaj non-ionic thiab anionic surfactants, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Vim li no, hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua kua, cov tshuaj amphoteric surfactants feem ntau yog siv rau hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau, ua raws li cov khoom ntxuav tawv nqaij xws li tshuaj ntxuav lub cev.
5. Cov tshuaj Cationic Surfactants
Cov hom cationic surfactants feem ntau muaj xws li Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone roj, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) thiab lwm yam.
Hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua kua, cov cationic surfactants ua haujlwm ua cov surfactants pab thiab cov khoom xyaw kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov koob tshuaj tsawg hauv cov mis. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv cov khoom lag luam siab, feem ntau yog hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Cationic surfactants tsis tuaj yeem sib xyaw ncaj qha nrog anionic surfactants. Txawm hais tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cationic thiab anionic surfactants yuav ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, lawv muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev poob qis thiab crystallization.
Muaj ntau yam tshuaj cationic surfactants siv rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau uas muaj ntau zaus siv, uas txhais tau tias tsis muaj ib lossis ob hom feem ntau siv, thiab feem ntau lawv tau tsim los ua cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj tiav. Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants suav nrog ib feem me me ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov surfactants thiab feem ntau kim dua lwm pawg.
Piv nrog rau lwm hom surfactants, cationic surfactants muaj cov nyhuv txias tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj plaws rau kev tua kab mob. Txawm hais tias lawv cov teeb meem xws li kev ntxuav tsis zoo, tsis muaj zog ua npuas dej, tsis sib xws, khaus heev thiab kim heev, lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm lwm cov surfactants ua cov khoom siv txias hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua thiab tshuaj zawv plaub hau zoo. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias cationic surfactants tsuas yog siv tau ua cov khoom xyaw txias lossis cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-21-2026