Cationic surfactant

Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants feem ntau yog cov organic amine derivatives uas muaj nitrogen. Vim tias cov nitrogen atom hauv lawv cov molecules muaj ib khub electrons, nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog hydrogen hauv cov kua qaub molecules los ntawm hydrogen bonds, ua rau cov amino pawg nqa tus nqi zoo. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsuas yog ua kom pom kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov kua qaub; hauv cov alkaline media, lawv feem ntau precipitate thiab poob lawv cov haujlwm. Ntxiv rau cov cationic surfactants uas muaj nitrogen, kuj tseem muaj ib feem me me ntawm cationic surfactants uas muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li sulfur, phosphorus, thiab arsenic.

1.Txoj kev loj hlob

Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants tsis tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam ntev lawm, thiab lawv qhov kev thov tau nce ntxiv sai sai txhua xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias lawv cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog siv tshwj xeeb xws li fungicides, fiber softeners, thiab antistatic agents, lawv cov kev siv tsawg dua piv rau anionic thiab non-ionic surfactants.

Feem ntau cov cationic surfactants muaj cov khoom zoo xws li emulsification, wetting, washing, sterilization, softening, antistatic, thiab anti-corrosion. Vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab daim ntawv thov, lawv muaj peev xwm loj hlob zoo. Raws li qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab pej xeem txuas ntxiv nthuav dav, lawv cov ntau yam thiab kev thov yuav txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv.

2. Kev faib tawm

Feem ntau cov cationic surfactants uas muaj nqis lag luam yog cov derivatives ntawm cov organic nitrogen compounds, qhov twg cov nqi zoo yog nqa los ntawm cov nitrogen atoms. Kuj tseem muaj qee hom cationic surfactants tshiab qhov twg cov nqi zoo yog nqa los ntawm cov atoms xws li phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, thiab arsenic. Raws li cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cationic surfactants, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: amine ntsev hom, quaternary ammonium ntsev hom, thiab heterocyclic hom.

Ahom ntsev ntawm kuv

Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants uas muaj ntsev amine yog ib lo lus dav dav rau cov ntsev amine thawj, cov ntsev amine theem ob, thiab cov ntsev amine theem peb. Lawv cov khoom zoo sib xws heev, thiab ntau yam khoom yog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov amine thawj thiab cov amine theem ob. Hom surfactant no feem ntau yog cov ntsev uas tsim los ntawm cov amine rog thiab cov kua qaub inorganic, thiab tsuas yog yaj tau hauv cov kua qaub. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej alkaline, cov ntsev amine yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog cov alkalis los tsim cov amine dawb, uas txo lawv cov solubility, yog li txwv lawv qhov kev siv rau qee qhov.

Hom ntsev ammonium Quaternary

Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants uas muaj ntsev quaternary ammonium yog cov tshuaj cationic surfactants tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nrog cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txheej txheem npaj sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj amine ntsev. Cov surfactants no tuaj yeem yaj hauv cov kua qaub thiab alkaline, muaj ntau yam ntxwv zoo heev, thiab sib xws nrog lwm hom surfactants. Yog li ntawd, lawv muaj ntau yam kev siv.

Hhom eterocyclic

Cov nplhaib heterocyclic uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov molecules cationic surfactant feem ntau yog cov uas muaj nitrogen xws li nplhaib morpholine, nplhaib pyridine, nplhaib imidazole, nplhaib piperazine thiab nplhaib quinoline.

3. Kev sib xyaw ua ke

Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov cationic surfactants yog N-alkylation reaction. Ntawm lawv, qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tertiary amines react nrog alkylating agents los tsim cov ntsev ammonium quaternary kuj hu ua quaternization reaction.

Alkyl quaternary ammonium ntsev

Cov ntsev ammonium quaternary yog ib qho ntawm cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsev ammonium quaternary-hom cationic surfactants, thiab tau siv dav ua fungicides, fiber softeners, mineral flotation agents, emulsifiers, thiab lwm yam. Lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv yog tias cov nitrogen atom txuas nrog plaub pawg alkyl, uas yog, tag nrho plaub hydrogen atoms ntawm ammonium ion raug hloov los ntawm alkyl pawg. Feem ntau, tsuas yog ib lossis ob ntawm cov pawg alkyl no yog cov hydrocarbon alkyl pawg ntev, thiab cov pawg alkyl seem muaj ib lossis ob lub carbon atoms. Raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv, muaj peb txoj kev tsim cov ntsev ammonium quaternary: npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov alkyl halides siab dua nrog cov amines qis dua, npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov alkyl amines siab dua nrog cov alkyl halides qis dua, thiab npaj los ntawm formaldehyde-formic acid txoj kev.

Cov ntsev ammonium Quaternary uas muaj cov heteroatoms

Cov ntsev ammonium quaternary uas muaj heteroatoms feem ntau yog hais txog cov ntsev ammonium quaternary uas muaj heteroatoms xws li O, N, thiab S hauv lawv cov hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains, uas yog, surfactants uas muaj amide bonds, ether bonds, ester bonds, lossis thioether bonds hauv lawv cov lipophilic pawg. Txij li thaum hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation pawg thiab alkyl hydrophobic pawg txuas nrog los ntawm cov pawg xws li amide, ester, ether, lossis thioether es tsis yog txuas ncaj qha, qee tus neeg kuj xa mus rau cov ntsev ammonium quaternary li cov cationic surfactants txuas tsis ncaj qha.

Cov ntsev ammonium Quaternary uas muaj cov nplhaib benzene

Hom surfactant no feem ntau yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov neeg ua npuas dej, cov neeg ua kom ntub dej, thiab cov neeg ua kom cov xim zas, thiab lwm yam. Hauv cov txheej txheem tsim, txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev qhia cov nplhaib aromatic yog siv benzyl chloride ua cov tshuaj alkylating los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tertiary amines. Benzyl chloride yog npaj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorination ntawm toluene. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj chlorination ntawm lub nplhaib benzene, qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub lauj kaub enamel lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob iav.

Cov ntsev ammonium Quaternary uas muaj cov heterocycles

Cov nplhaib heterocyclic uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsev ammonium quaternary feem ntau yog cov nplhaib morpholine, nplhaib piperazine, nplhaib pyridine, nplhaib quinoline thiab nplhaib imidazole, thiab lwm yam.

Ahom ntsev ntawm kuv

Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants uas muaj ntsev amine feem ntau suav nrog peb pawg loj: cov ntsev amine alkyl ntev, cov ntsev amine theem nrab, thiab cov ntsev amine theem nrab.

4. Daim Ntawv Thov

Cationic surfactants muaj cov haujlwm zoo xws li kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, ua kom mos,tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv xeb, nrog rau qee yam emulsifying thiab wetting khoom. Lawv kuj feem ntau siv ua cov catalysts hloov theem. Txawm li cas los xij, hom surfactant no tsis tshua siv ib leeg ua ib qho tshuaj ntxuav. Vim tias qhov chaw ntawm ntau lub substrates hauv cov kua dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov kua dej alkaline, feem ntau nqa lub zog tsis zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm thov, cov surfactant zoo yuav npaj rau ntawm qhov chaw substrate nrog cov pab pawg hydrophilic sab hauv thiab cov pab pawg hydrophobic sab nraud, ua rau qhov chaw substrate hydrophobic, uas tsis zoo rau kev ntxuav thiab tej zaum yuav muaj cov teebmeem tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teb thov tseem ceeb ntawm hom surfactant no txawv ntawm lwm cov surfactants, uas yog siv los txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw. Hloov chaw, lawv siv lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv rau lwm yam kev siv tshwj xeeb.